Isochronic Tones vs Binaural Beats

Headphones

Isochronic tones does not require the use of headphones since both speakers emit the same tones. Binaural beats on the other hand required the use of headphones because each speaker emits different frequencie and the brain 'hears' the difference between the two frequencies. Binaural beats cannot give you the brainwave entrainment you need if you do not use headphones.

Waveforms
The waveforms of isochronic tones are very distinct because the tone and silence are of equal duration making the target frequency very distinguishable. Binaural beats does not alternate to a silence level but only dips a little to a lower volume.

Isochronic tones emits a constant 'toot toot' while binaural beats sounds like a hum.

How do you know that your brain are entrained?

When I do an alpha or a theta session, I yawn when I dip to the lower brainwave. Yawning is an indication that your brain is relaxing.

Isochronic Tones - How Often Should You Listen 

Does the frequency of listening to isochronic tones or meditating regularly using these tones affect the benefits you receive from it? 

Brain Hemispheres 

Our brain is composed of two hemispheres, the left and the right, Each one functions differently, responds differently to different stimuli, has it's own strengths and weaknesses, etc.

Corpus Callusom

The corpus callusom connects the two hemispheres together. This is the area where neural pathways are created and maintained. These neural pathways acts like bridges for the two hemispheres.

Constant Practice Makes Perfect

The practice required for making your two brain hemispheres communicate with each other efficiently is meditation. With meditation, you linger at a lower brainwave frequency for a longer period of time than you normally do.

When we go to sleep, our brainwaves fall into the lower frequency in a gradual manner till we get to the  delta stage(deep sleep). With meditation, we get into a specific brainwave and stay there for a certain length of time.

This activity results in neural pathways being created at the corpus callusom. Neural pathways which are already created becomes more distinct and are readily available.


There are normal daily activities when we dip into the lower brainwave frequencies, alpha or theta. These are the times when we are relaxed such as taking a shower, daydreaming, walking and any repetitive activity. However the most effective way of building the neural pathways is through meditation.

To Reduce Pain and Alter Your Brain, Try Meditation

Meditation is a known painkiller, easing people's pain perception even after brief sessions. Now a study reveals why: Meditation changes the way the brain processes pain signals.

In a study presented Nov. 16 in San Diego at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, researchers reported that practicing a mindful awareness of the body and consciousness for just four days affects pain responses in the brain.

Brain activity decreases in areas devoted to the painful body part and in areas responsible for relaying sensory information. Meanwhile, regions that modulate pain get busy, and volunteers report that pain is less intense and less unpleasant.

Earlier studies suggested meditation reduces anxiety, promotes relaxation and helps people regulate their emotions, said study author Fadel Zeidan, a post-doctoral researcher at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Also,meditation may reduce pain by essentially making the physical sensations less distressing. "It's really all about the context of the situation, of the environment," Zeidan told LiveScience. "Meditation seems to have an overarching sense of attenuating that type of response."

Cultivating mindfulness

The practice known as mindfulness meditation involves sitting quietly and comfortably while breathing evenly. The idea is to clear the mind and focus the attention on the present.

Many studies have found that practicing meditation can reduce pain. Zeidan's work suggests you don't have to spend much time meditating to get the benefit: In a study published in March in the Journal of Pain, Zeidan and his colleagues reported that a half-hour of training per day for three days can significantly soothe pain, even when research participants aren't meditating.

In the new study, Zeidan wanted to find out what meditation does to change the brain's pain response. So he and his colleagues asked 15 volunteers to spend 30 minutes each day for four days learning to meditate. Before and after the training, the researchers scanned the volunteers' brains using magnetic resonance imaging.

During both before and after scans, each volunteer experienced alternative sensations of heat (120 degrees Fahrenheit, or 49 degrees Celsius) and neutral temperature (95 degrees F, or 35 degrees C) on his or her calf. After each 12-second temperature application, the volunteers ranked their pain by pushing a lever to the right for more pain and to the left for less. The lever position corresponded to a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 representing the greatest pain.

All in your head

The results are not yet published, but according to the Society for Neuroscience research abstract, meditation reduced people's perceptions of pain's unpleasantness by 57 percent. Volunteers also reported that pain was 40 percent less intense. [5 Painful Facts You Need to Know]

The volunteers' brains mirrored their altered perceptions, according to the abstract. Activity dropped in the thalamus, a deep brain area that relays sensory information from the body to the somatosensory cortex. The somatosensory cortex, located along the side of the brain above the ear, has specialized areas devoted to processing signals from specific body parts. In the meditation-practicing volunteers, the area of the somatosensory cortex linked to the calf was quieted.

Meanwhile, areas associated with pain modulation became more active. Those areas included the orbitofrontal cortex directly behind the eyes and the anterior cingulated cortex deep in the frontal region of the brain. The putamen, a structure buried in the center of the brain, and the nearby insula also showed more activity. Both structures have many functions, including control of movement, self-awareness and perception.

"The preliminary results are very interesting and promising," Zeidan said. The good news, he said, is that studies have shown that meditation's benefits occur rapidly, making it a realistic pain-relief option for people facing surgery or enduring injury.

"You don't necessarily need to be a monk to experience some of the benefits related to meditation," he said.

Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/health/2010/11/18/reduce-pain-alter-brain-try-meditation/#ixzz164thuDFB

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A Review of The Power of Conversational Hypnosis
Alpha Meditation Brainwave Entrainment Video
Can Anyone Have Lucid Dreams?

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2010

Create Isochronic Tones Using IsoMod Audacity Plug-in

There is now an easier way to create isochronic tones. A plug-in was developed
by Steve Daulton which you can download from this forum.post.

Installing the IsoMod plug-in

Once you have downloaded the plugin to your hard drive, copy it to your
plug-ins folder of the audacity program folder e.g C:\Program
Files\Audacity\Plug-Ins. Start up
audacity and it will be
available at the effects menu when you have generated a tone.

Creating an 10hz Alpha Wave Isochronic Tone with a 90hz Carier Frequency

1.    Generate a tone by clicking 'Generate' from the menu and selecting 'Tone,,,',

2.    Select 'Sine' for the Waveform, 90 for the 'Frequency/Hz', 0.6 for the 'Amplitude', and 600 for a 10 minute duration then click 'Generate Tone'

3.    Click 'Effects' from the menu and select 'Isomod'

4.    You will be presented by the following configuration set up.

        'Pulse Width' must be set to 50 to achieve an isochronic tone.

       'Initial Modulation Frequency' and 'Final Modulation Frequency' is the isochronic beat you want to
target. They must be the same unless you are creating a ramp.

        "Initial Modulation Depth' and 'Final Modulation Depth' must be set to 100 to get a pure isochronic
beat.

        You can play around with 'Fade Time'. The lower the value the truer its isochronic waveform is. As
the value gets higher, the silence portion gets smaller. I find the value of 15 to be acceptable.

        That's it, you now have an alpha isochronic beat.

Ramping the Isochronic Beat

IsoMod supports ramping but you can only create it one time either going from a high frequency to a lower frequency or from a lower brainwave frequency to a higher brainwave frequency. If you're designing an
isochronic tone which ramp more than one time, you need to create several tones then just 'stitch' them together.

As an example if we want to start with 10hz alpha brainwave then ramp to 4hzthetabrainwave then back again to alpha brainwave, you need create at least 4
isochronic tones. Details may be as follows:

1.    10hz = 6min
  .    10hz to 4z ramp = 2min
  .    4hz = 6min.
       4hz to 10hz ramp= 2min

2.     Create a 10hz tone
        Open another instance of audacity and
create 10hz tone for 2min. Ramp it down with IsoMod to 4hz     
        Open another instance of audacity and
create a 6min 4hz tone
        Open another instance of audacity and
create a 4hz tone for 2min Ramp it up with IsoMod to 10hz

3.    All you have to do now is copy and paste to
create a single file. You may however need to edit the waveform in the
'stitched' portion.

That's it! Have fun and may you reap the benefits that
isochronic tones can give you.

Binaural Beats and Brainwave Entrainment

Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973).For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency-following response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm.


The "frequency-following response" effect.

The binaural-beat appears to be associated with an electroencephalographic (EEG) frequency-following response in the brain. Many studies have demonstrated the presence of a frequency-following response to auditory stimuli, recorded at the vertex of the human brain (top of the head). This EEG activity was termed "frequency-following response" because its period corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the stimulus (Smith, Marsh, & Brown, 1975). Binaural-beat stimulation appears to encourage access to altered states of consciousness.

Various Uses Of Audio With Embedded Binaural Beats

Uses of audio with embedded binaural beats that are mixed with music or various pink or background sound are diverse. They range from relaxation, meditation, stress reduction, pain management, improved sleep quality, decrease in sleep requirements, super learning, enhanced creativity and intuition, remote viewing, telepathy, and out-of-body experience and lucid dreaming. Audio embedded with binaural beats is often combined with various meditation techniques, as well as positive affirmations and visualization.


Resonant entrainment of oscillating systems
Resonant entrainment of oscillating systems is a well-understood principle within the physical sciences. If a tuning fork designed to produce a frequency of 440 Hz is struck (causing it to oscillate) and then brought into the vicinity of another 440 Hz tuning fork, the second tuning fork will begin to oscillate. The first tuning fork is said to have entrained the second or caused it to resonate. The physics of entrainment apply to biosystems as well. Of interest here are the electromagnetic brain waves. The electrochemical activity of the brain results in the production of electromagnetic wave forms which can be objectively measured with sensitive equipment. Brain waves change frequencies based on neural activity within the brain. Because neural activity is electrochemical, brain function can be modified through the introduction of specific chemicals (drugs), by altering the brain’s electromagnetic environment through induction, or through resonant entrainment techniques.

The Discovery Of Binaural Beats

Binaural beats were discovered in 1839 by a German experimenter, H. W. Dove. The human ability to "hear" binaural beats appears to be the result of evolutionary adaptation. Many evolved species can detect binaural beats because of their brain structure. The frequencies at which binaural beats can be detected change depending upon the size of the species’ cranium. In the human, binaural beats can be detected when carrier waves are below approximately 1000 Hz (Oster, 1973). Below 1000 Hz the wave length of the signal is longer than the diameter of the human skull. Thus, signals below 1000 Hz curve around the skull by diffraction. The same effect can be observed with radio wave propagation. Lower-frequency (longer wave length) radio waves (such as AM radio) travel around the earth over and in between mountains and structures. Higher-frequency (shorter wave length) radio waves (such as FM radio, TV, and microwaves) travel in a straight line and can’t curve around the earth. Mountains and structures block these high-frequency signals. Because frequencies below 1000 Hz curve around the skull, incoming signals below 1000 Hz are heard by both ears. But due to the distance between the ears, the brain "hears" the inputs from the ears as out of phase with each other. As the sound wave passes around the skull, each ear gets a different portion of the wave. It is this waveform phase difference that allows for accurate location of sounds below 1000 Hz(9). Audio direction finding at higher frequencies is less accurate than it is for frequencies below 1000 Hz. At 8000 Hz the pinna (external ear) becomes effective as an aid to localization. In summary it’s the ability of the brain to detect a waveform phase difference is what enables it to perceive binaural beats.

How It Works On The Brain

When signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each ear, the brain detects phase differences between these signals. "Under natural circumstances a detected phase difference would provide directional information. The brain processes this anomalous information differently when these phase differences are heard with stereo headphones or speakers. A perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third "beat" frequency. The difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and out of phase. As a result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, an amplitude-modulated standing wave -the binaural beat- is heard. The binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the frequency of the difference between the two auditory inputs. Evidence suggests that the binaural beats are generated in the brainstem’s superior olivary nucleus, the first site of contralateral integration in the auditory system (Oster, 1973). Studies also suggest that the frequency-following response originates from the inferior colliculus (Smith, Marsh, & Brown, 1975)" (Owens & Atwater, 1995). This activity is conducted to the cortex where it can be recorded by scalp electrodes.

Altered States

Binaural beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies (< 30 Hz) that are characteristic of the EEG spectrum (Oster, 1973). This perceptual phenomenon of binaural beating and the objective measurement of the frequency-following response suggest conditions which facilitate entrainment of brain waves and altered states of consciousness. There have been numerous anecdotal reports and a growing number of research efforts reporting changes in consciousness associated with binaural-beats. "The subjective effect of listening to binaural beats may be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the frequency of the binaural-beat stimulation". 

Binaural beats in the delta (1 to 4 Hz) and theta (4 to 8 Hz) ranges have been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states , and used as an aid to falling asleep. Binaural beats in the alpha frequencies (8 to 12 Hz) have increased alpha brain waves and binaural beats in the beta frequencies (typically 16 to 24 Hz) have been associated with reports of increased concentration or alertness and improved memory.
Passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into an altered state of consciousness. One’s subjective experience in response to binaural-beat stimulation may also be influenced by a number of mediating factors. For example, the willingness and ability of the listener to relax and focus attention may contribute to binaural-beat effectiveness in inducing state changes. "Ultradian rhythms in the nervous system are characterized by periodic changes in arousal and states of consciousness.These naturally occurring shifts may underlie the anecdotal reports of fluctuations in the effectiveness of binaural beats. External factors are also thought to play roles in mediating the effects of binaural beats" . The perception of a binaural beat is, for example, said to be heightened by the addition of white noise to the carrier signal , so white noise is often used as background. "Music, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and verbal suggestion have all been used to enhance the state-changing effects of the binaural beat" . Other practices such as humming, toning, breathing exercises, autogenic training, and/or biofeedback can also be used to interrupt the homeostasis of resistant subjects 

Brain Waves and Consciousness

Controversies concerning the brain, mind, and consciousness have existed since the early Greek philosophers argued about the nature of the mind-body relationship, and none of these disputes has been resolved. Modern neurologists have located the mind in the brain and have said that consciousness is the result of electrochemical neurological activity. There are, however, growing observations to the contrary. There is no neurophysiological research which conclusively shows that the higher levels of mind (intuition, insight, creativity, imagination, understanding, thought, reasoning, intent, decision, knowing, will, spirit, or soul) are located in brain tissue . A resolution to the controversies surrounding the higher mind and consciousness and the mind-body problem in general may need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra-rational ways of knowing  and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. We are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study of consciousness . Penfield, an eminent contemporary neurophysiologist, found that the human mind continued to work in spite of the brain’s reduced activity under anesthesia. Brain waves were nearly absent while the mind was just as active as in the waking state. The only difference was in the content of the conscious experience. Following Penfield’s work, other researchers have reported awareness in comatose patients and there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that reduced cortical arousal while maintaining conscious awareness is possible . These states are variously referred to as meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilight-learning states . Broadly defined, the various forms of altered states rest on the maintenance of conscious awareness in a physiologically reduced state of arousal marked by parasympathetic dominance . Recent physiological studies of highly hypnotizable subjects and adept meditators indicate that maintaining awareness with reduced cortical arousal is indeed possible in selected individuals as a natural ability or as an acquired skill . More and more scientists are expressing doubts about the neurologists’ brain-mind model because it fails to answer so many questions about our ordinary experiences, as well as evading our mystical and spiritual ones. The scientific evidence supporting the phenomenon of remote viewing alone is sufficient to show that mind-consciousness is not a local phenomenon .
If mind-consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate states of consciousness and mental functioning to brain-wave frequencies? And how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats alters brain waves? The first question can be answered in terms of instrumentation. There is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. Mind-consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain. One cannot measure this field directly with current instrumentation. On the other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured and easily quantified. Contemporary science likes things that can be measured and quantified. The problem here lies in oversimplification of the observations. EEG patterns measured on the cortex are the result of electroneurological activity of the brain. But the brain’s electroneurological activity is not mind-consciousness. EEG measurements then are only an indirect means of assessing the mind-consciousness interface with the neurological structures of the brain. As crude as this may seem, the EEG has been a reliable way for researchers to estimate states of consciousness based on the relative proportions of EEG frequencies. Stated another way, certain EEG patterns have been historically associated with specific states of consciousness. It is reasonable to assume, given the current EEG literature, that if a specific EEG pattern emerges it is probably accompanied by a particular state of consciousness.
As to the second question raised in the above paragraph, audio with embedded binaural beats alters the electrochemical environment of the brain. This allows mind-consciousness to have different experiences. When the brain is entrained to lower frequencies and awareness is maintained, a unique state of consciousness emerges. This state is often referred to as hypnogogia "mind awake/body asleep." Slightly higher-frequency entrainment can lead to hyper suggestive states of consciousness. Still higher-frequency EEG states are associated with alert and focused mental activity needed for the optimal performance of many tasks. Perceived reality changes depending on the state of consciousness of the perceiver . Some states of consciousness provide limited views of reality, while others provide an expanded awareness of reality. For the most part, states of consciousness change in response to the ever-changing internal environment and surrounding stimulation. For example, states of consciousness are subject to influences like drugs and circadian and ultradian rhythms . Specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to demanding circumstances.


Synchronized brain waves
Synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative and hypnogogic states, and audio with embedded binaural beats has the ability to induce and improve such states of consciousness. The reason for this is physiological. Each ear is "hardwired" (so to speak) to both hemispheres of the brain . Each hemisphere has its own olivary nucleus (sound-processing center) which receives signals from each ear. In keeping with this physiological structure, when a binaural beat is perceived there are actually two standing waves of equal amplitude and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. So, there are two separate standing waves entraining portions of each hemisphere to the same frequency. The binaural beats appear to contribute to the hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative and hypnogogic states of consciousness. Brain function is also enhanced through the increase of cross-collosal communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Resetting Your Brains Sodium/Potassium Ratio In Theta

Your brain cells reset their sodium & potassium ratios when the brain is in Theta state. The sodium & potassium levels are involved in osmosis which is the chemical process that transports chemicals into and out of your brain cells. After an extended period in the Beta state the ratio between potassium and sodium is out of balance. This the main cause of what is known as "mental fatigue". A brief period in Theta (about 5 - 15min) can restore the ratio to normal resulting in mental refreshment.

BRAIN WAVE FREQUENCIESThese are not actual brain waves, but are at the same tempo
"Hz" = Hertz or Cycles per Second aka "CPS", Metronome Tempo = beats per minute.
These samples are TEMPO GENERATED unless specificed TONE GENERATED (New Improved: The Tempo generated samples have been raised from low frequencies, to gamma tones at specified tempos (due to beta contamination).
If your speakers can not play notes this low, try headphonesDelta waves 2 hz (cps: cycles per second) DEEP SLEEP

Theta waves 4 - 8 Hz (cps: cycles per second) MEDITATIVE and SLEEP

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YOUR BEST BET:
MU (alpha) waves, TEMPO GENERATED (BEST) AND 2010 percussion version percussion MU (alpha) waves 10 hz (cps) brain wave speed with CALM MIND. {Tempo: like a military helicopter, or bang the bongos extremely fast, or alternating double handed hand face down slaps to a table surface as fast as possible, as in samples.
LISTEN to the tempo generated 10Hz (above) first, then listen to this tone generated sample, they should be both the same, in that they sound like a helicopter.
Note: the TEMPO generated Alpha midi above, is much better and more reliable than the Tone Generated file (below). The Tone Generated one sounds more interesting, but it starts out a bit fast, potentially Beta, so for serious ALPA needs, stick with the one above
"Alpha" or "MU" wave explanation: CONDUCIVE TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, CALMS PEOPLE DOWN (and may prevent epileptic seizures). John Sinclair SR of Little River CA pioneered biofeedback on a government grant related to epilepsy control using biofeedback. I knew John personally, and as to if hearing certain frequencies affects the speed of ones brain waves, was at the time debatable. However, he hooked electrodes to my scalp, and let me hear my own alpha waves (he said I have a strong "alpha" tendency, more than most, and only reluctantly, and at my demand, did he say something to anger me so I could hear my own Beta waves (below), and the hearing of the waves intensified and escalated the anger, I yanked off the electrodes, and steamed off, and John laughed. I soon apologized for my anger and my demand to hear my own beta waves). John has since passed away (?? rumor, from another Sinclair in N. CA., not confirmed), and others more recently say that the sound waves do indeed stimulate mood accordingly. But officially, is it still debatable? have found nothing on the net as to this debate). John Sr and I were good friends and agreed on most things (both of us geniuses), except Astrology. Also note: John invented over 100 patents for the Federal Government, and his first patent (on his own) was the Kick Down Doorstop. HEAR MY ALPA11 SONG, with more details and info http://www.archure.net/music/Alpha11.html

TONE GENERATED ALPHA MU sample (not as reliable) (previous copy was contaminated with some Beta waves, this new copy is much better, but may have a trace of beta overtones, but which seem to resolve to Alpha MU. The Tempo generated Alpha MU wave sample is now better than this (but this tone generated sample is very interesting).

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Beta Waves 18 hz (12-19 hz)(cps) - AGITATED brain waves {Tempo: as in rrrrRolling your "R"s, don't do it; or as in a playing card attached to a bicycle wheel, again, don't do it. Conducive to bad behavior, and a threat}. I suggest that you do not experiment on others with Beta Waves, but if you insist on hearing them yourself just copy and paste this link (tone generated) (URL removed) but be aware, it may promote and agitate state, be prepared to follow it up with MU Alpha waves (listed directly above)

Archure Loves GAMMA WAVES.

Gamma Waves 40 cps 26 - 70 hz TONE GENERATED GAMMA WAVES is (as per wikipedia.org Gamma brain waves are related to PERCEPTION and CONSCIOUSNESS in the mind), however, note this Tone Generated sample does not match Wikipedias list, more below). Note: this sample is in favor of discrepancy with Wiki info, in that it sounds like an electrical generation plant (I have been around high voltage operations which sound like this), and electrical generation is 60 Hz (very close to 40 Hz).

HEY, HERES A GOOD ONE FOR YOU! Mu Alpha and Gamma combined, ooooh! Alpha Gamma MU combined, Tone Generated, and Now with Stereophonic Separation of Sound

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AUDIO FREQUENCY:

60 hz to 20,000 hz is Audio Frequency (you can hear with your ears)
60 hz is low bass, most musical instruments range in 100 hz to 800 hz, a good sound system should go to at least 5k hz, but to attain a crisp sound, and overtones making a quality clear sound, its nice to have at least 10K or perhaps(?) 20K frequency response from musical speakers. I have kept these low frequency samples at low volume, as low frequency goes right thru walls (keep the bass down for your neighbors please). Speakers with limited frequency range may not be able to play these low frequency samples (try headphones).

April 2010 NEW VERSION with 3 instrument sounds, pan flute, alto sax, fiddle
HEARING RANGE FREQUENCIES in Octave Steps Yes we can hear just a bit further (maybe 2 octave steps up), but not recognizable notes, just sounds
As per Wikipedia (see revised list further below)
C1 32.7 Hz below hearing range of 60 hz to 20,000 hz, not recognizable as a note, or sounds a half step flat to me
C2 65.41 Hz sounds a half step flat to me
C3 130.81 Hz
C4 261.63 Hz
C5 523.25 Hz "Middle C"
C6 1046.50 Hz
C7 2093 Hz
C8 4186 Hz
C9 8372 Hz borderline recognizable as a "C" note, sounds off to me
C10 16,744 Hz not recognizable as a "C" note to me, or sounds very sharp
G10 ? Hz above hearing range of 60 hz to 20,000 hz, not recognizable as a "C" note, or Very Sharp (identifiable as a note, but not identifiable as a "C" note specifically)

But for all I know, there might be limitations to my sound card, or your sound card, perhaps above a certain note they just wing it? who knows? If I had a Frequency Meter I could check and verify my own sound card (I don't have one myself, I used to work at places which did, but we didnt do things like that at work, however, one of the guys used to release a bit of liquid nitrogen for a few laughs (he claimed he was cleaning out the pipes)

INFO CHALLENGE: (I am just in the process of writing this article).
MIDI has over 100 various sound types (flute, strings, horn, guitar, oboe, harpsichord), and SOME OF THE sound modules, are at least 1 octave off, so depending upon what sounds are chosen, this list above may be valid (lead 1 square, or synth bass 2), or, the revised list below may be valid for other modules (lead 2 sawtooth, or synth bass 1), I am still working on this issue
IN SUPPORT OF THE INFO: The list above seems valid, in that the low C1 is not noticeably a “C”, and the low C1 is outside our hearing frequency range (we recognize the pressure, but what “note” (a person with perfect pitch could not differentiate, probably). So that tends to validate the Wikipedia info. THE DEBATE: when I was making a low ALPHA MU NOTE at 10 Hz, I found that MIDI NOTE “F0” was 10 Hz, but according to this data from Wikipedia on MIDI, 10 Hz would be “F-1” (that’s one octave below F0, note the “-“ negative sign, below F0, not “F0”. Previously I have made many Alpha & MU wave samples, not by designating the TONE frequency, but by designation of TEMPO FREQUENCY (I know the Tempo Frequency MIDIs are correct), but the Tempo Frequency MIDIs match in sound to Note Frequency (Cakewalk software) "F0" (not an octave lower at F-1). SEE & HEAR ABOVE in the ALPHA MU section: compare the TEMPO GENERATED and TONE GENERATED samples for comparison, the F0 tone generated, seems to match the Tempo generated samples, which Wiki claims is F-1). Causes: This is due to SOUND MODULES. MIDI can make any note, various sounds, such as Flute, Organ, String, Horn, and some of these sounds may involve Overtones and/or Undertones, which may be one octave off (or possibly more than one octave, especially with some of the Organ and Pad sounds). I am investigating further.

FOLLOW-UP: I have found that the second chart is valid with MIDI module "Lead 2 (sawtooth)", while the first chart (further above) is valid with "Lead 1 (square)". More work needs to be revised on this page, more later.
REVISED LIST: based on comparison of Tempo generated and Tone generated samples.
The 11 notes (midi link above) in order......
C1 16.35
C2 32.7 Hz
C3 65.41 Hz
C4 130.81 Hz
C5 261.63 Hz
C6 523.25 Hz
C7 1046.50 Hz
C8 2093 Hz
C9 4186 Hz
C10 8372 Hz (tone differentiation gets vague)
C11 16,744 Hz
above hearing range of 60 hz to 20,000 hz, not recognizable as a "C" note, or Very Sharp (identifiable as a note, but not identifiable as a "C" note specifically)
(As per a Music Textbook Chart:) Only a few Orchestra Instruments go up to 4186 Hz (piccolo, Glockenspiel, Celesta, and a Harp goes up to 3322 Hz, and a Violin 2636 max. Human vocal range (for written music) is generally 98 Hz to 1046 Hz according to a Music Textbook chart (1970s, I am not certain, the chart may be 1 octave off?, perhaps double each of those frequencies?, will investigate) or according to Wikipedia 512 Hz to 2048 Hz = "Defines human speech intelligibility (horn-like or tinny quality to sound)

Handy Dandy MIDI and CHART for determining what Frequency Range one needs for a sound system (speakers). NOTE: a 5 string bass (with low B) = 61.7 hz, the ideal low for audio frequency (if your bass speakers go that low, and well they should). A regular Bass guitar is 82.4 Hz (low "E"). I would say that 60 Hz to 10,000 Hz would be a very good range, but perhaps a little lower than 60 Hz might be nice (but uncommon, most speaker go down only to 60 Hz, if they go down that low. For a full music system, do start at 60 Hz or lower (not any higher 60 Hz for the lowest range).

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SEX: FREQUENCY AT ORGASM
Sex Waves frequency at orgasm is 0.8 sec or (1/T = f) 1.2 cps (cycles per second) X 60 (sec/min) = 72 Metronome. Suitable for sex background music, have sex in time with the music, for better sex. Also hear the same tempo in an actual song "Moon Scorpio" Sexy Music LISTEN: Moon Scorpio
NEW 2010 Sex Waves 2010
NEW 2010 Sex Waves with Tabla and Sitar 
Note: 1.2 cps also qualifies as Delta Waves (conducive to sex and deep sleep).

1.14 hz (cps: cycles per second) DEEP SLEEP and/or SEX (Archure believes that the official reference to T=0.8 or 1.2 cps, is actually, more accurately 1.14 cps (derived from theory, not actual testing) or Metronome 73 (but 74 is probably close enough)

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MU wave or ALPHA WAVE based music

"Moon Pisces" COMPUTER ELECTRONIC Music LISTEN {or original ver LISTEN}
"Space" New Age LISTEN OR ver II LISTEN a better version
"Alpha 11" New Age LISTEN  
"Alpha 1" LISTEN  

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HARMONIC THEORY for HARMONY

"Ascending Augmented" Modern Classical HARMONY LISTEN OR ver II
When studying "Atonal Music" and "Modern Classical" at College of Marin, I submitted this idea for a piece to my professor Dr Stan Krasic, in class, and have used it in concert for "crowd control", as it resolves all present Aug 4ths & Dim 5ths (background noises, or any previous oops by the band, intentional or non-intentional), and is made up of Major 3rds, which are harmonious, it works quite well, mellows people out. I also discussed it with members of the Grateful Dead, who liked the idea. If there is a scuffle or argument in the audience, play ascending augmented triads, and it tends to resolve peacefully (quickly)

EEG and the brain

EEG and the brain's state

EEG (Electroencephalography) technology is used to measure brain's electrical vibrations from the surface of the scalp. The resulting EEG pattern will contain frequency elements mainly below 30Hz. The frequencies are categorized into four states as follows:

State	Frequency range	State of mind
Delta	0.5Hz - 4Hz	Deep sleep
Theta	4Hz - 8Hz	Drowsiness (also first stage of sleep)
Alpha	8Hz - 14Hz	Relaxed but alert
Beta	14Hz - 30Hz	Highly alert and focused

The dominant frequency in the EEG pattern determines what shall be called the current state of the brain. If the amplitude of the alpha range frequencies is highest, then the brain is said to be in the alpha stage. Note, that other frequencies still exist and it is impossible to give any "exact frequency your brain is operating on". However, later references to the brain states use the simplification of assuming that such a single frequency exists.

Entraining the brain to a desired state

If external stimulus is applied to the brain, it becomes possible to entrain the brain frequency from one stage to another. For example, if a person is in beta stage (highly alert) and a stimulus of 10Hz is applied to his/her brain for some time, the brain frequency is likely to change towards the applied stimulus. The effect will be relaxing to the person. This phenomenon is also called frequency following response.

When the brain's state is close to the applied stimulus, entrainment works more efficiently. Thus, when doing a sweep from one frequency to another, the starting frequency should be as close to your current brain state as possible. The sweep speed should be such that your brain's state changes steadily with it, so that the difference never gets very large. In practice, it is difficult to determine your brain state without extra equipment (like EEG devices). However, you can quite safely assume that during the day your brain is in the beta stage (about 20Hz) and you can start the sweep from there. If you are already somewhat relaxed, you can use a start frequency of 15Hz or a few Hz lower.

Stimulating the brain with binaural beat frequencies

The easiest way of applying stimulus to the brain is via ears. Other senses could be used as well, and vision is actually used quite often (often in addition to hearing). However, humans cannot hear sounds low enough to be useful for brain stimulation, so special techniques must be used. One such special technique used is called binaural beats.

If the left ear is presented with a steady tone of 500Hz and the right ear a steady tone of 510Hz, these two tones combine in the brain. The difference, 10Hz, is perceived by the brain and is a very effective stimulus for brainwave entrainment. This 10Hz is formed entirely by the brain. When using stereo headphones, the left and right sounds do not mix together until in your brain. The frequency difference, when perceived by brain this way, is called a binaural beat.

The effect of the audible frequencies used

To get a stimulus of 10Hz, you may use tones of 500Hz and 510Hz, or 400Hz and 410Hz, or 800Hz and 810Hz, or so on. The only requirements are that the tone is heard well enough and that it is below about 1000Hz. Below 1000Hz, the wavelength of the skull is sufficiently small so that the sound waves curve around it.

You may try out different audible tones with BrainWave Generator and see which ones work best for you.

Altered brain states

As mentioned above, applying a stimulus to the brain will eventually bring the brain's state closer to the stimulus frequency. The following paragraphs describe some possible effects of this.

Note, however, that just passively listening to binaural beats does not necessarily alter your state of consciousness. For example, willingness and ability to relax and focus attention affects how effective the binaural beat stimulus is for inducing state changes.

Helping in meditation

Meditation is essentially about willingly being able to alter one's brain frequency to a desired state. While meditators have traditionally used several years to learn the techniques of meditation, you can now attain the same effect with brainwave entrainment. No special training or great discipline is required. Good meditation frequencies are in the alpha range, from 8Hz to 13Hz.

When a certain brainwave state is experienced and practiced over a period of time, the brain will "learn" the state change and it will become easier to self-produce the desired brainwave state at will. Thus, using brainwave entrainment, you can expect to get some of its effects later even without any entrainment.

Reducing learning time

The theta stage (4hz - 7Hz) has been found to increase learning capabilities. In fact, children spend more time in theta stage than adults, which probably explains the accelerated learning capabilities of children.

Alpha frequencies are also useful for learning purposes. You can play language cassettes, subliminal tapes, etc. during an entrainment session for a maximum effect.

Reducing sleep needs

Some people have found that half an hour a day of the Theta stage can replace up to 4 hours of sleep.

Treatment of certain mental diseases

Brainwave entrainment is used in treatment of depression, low self-esteem, attention deficit disorder, drug and alcohol addiction and autism, to name a few.

Brainwave entrainment has also been found helpful in alleviating headaches and migraines.

Miscellaneous

Some users have also reported increases in their sex drive as a result of brainwave entrainment.